Afghanistan Times
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KABUL — Afghanistan is moving forward with plans to construct dams on rivers flowing into Pakistan, a development that could heighten regional water disputes. While official confirmations are pending, reports indicate that the Taliban-led government is focusing on the Kunar River, a significant tributary of the Kabul River, which eventually merges into Pakistan’s Indus River system.
In December 2024, Afghanistan’s Minister of Water and Energy, Matiullah Abid, announced the completion of surveys and designs for a hydroelectric dam on the Kunar River. He emphasized that the project aims to address Afghanistan’s pressing needs for electricity and irrigation, especially in light of a 60% decline in precipitation affecting agriculture and water supply.
The Kunar River originates in Afghanistan’s Hindu Kush mountains and flows into Pakistan, making it a critical water source for both nations. Afghanistan’s plans to harness this river’s potential have raised concerns in Pakistan, where agriculture heavily depends on the Indus River system. Experts warn that upstream dam construction could lead to a 16–17% reduction in water flow to Pakistan, potentially impacting crop yields and water availability.
Complicating matters, India has previously supported Afghanistan’s dam initiatives, including the Shahtoot Dam project intended to supply water to Kabul. While the project’s progress has been uncertain since the Taliban’s return to power, India’s involvement in regional water infrastructure continues to be a point of contention for Pakistan.
Currently, Afghanistan and Pakistan lack a formal water-sharing agreement, unlike the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. This absence of a bilateral framework exacerbates tensions, as both countries pursue unilateral water development strategies. Pakistan has expressed concerns over Afghanistan’s dam projects, fearing significant reductions in water flow that could adversely affect its agriculture and economy.
As Afghanistan advances its dam construction plans, regional observers urge diplomatic engagement to establish cooperative water management practices. Without mutual agreements, unilateral actions risk escalating disputes over vital water resources in South Asia.
